JGIP - Journal of Global Intelligence & Policy

Volume: 3, Issue: 2

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• OPERATION NOBLE INTENTION: AMERICA'S ATTEMPTS TO PROMOTE DEMOCRACY ABROAD WITH MILITARY OPERATIONS
  Author(s): John A. Tures
  

OPERATION NOBLE INTENTION: AMERICA'S ATTEMPTS TO PROMOTE DEMOCRACY ABROAD WITH MILITARY OPERATIONS

Author(s): John A. Tures

Scholars are divided upon the role of United States Military Operations (USMOs) and their impact upon spreading democracy abroad. Some believe that America's military forces engage in direct or indirect liberalization by their actions. Others contend that America's policies are designed to have the opposite effect; regime change is still the policy, but an autocratic government more willing to support U.S. is the goal. A third school contends that regime stability should be sought by America when it uses its military to become involved in another country's politics. To test such a theory, I have compiled data on 110 cases of United States Military Operations (USMOs) abroad, from 1798 to 1992. These cases include conflictual and nonconflictual actions in other countries. I then gather data about what type of government the country had not only the year before the USMO began, but the regime type of that country in the decade after the military action concluded. My findings show general support for the argument that America's military forces frequently promote democracy abroad in the ten years following their actions. There is little backing for the argument that America prefers the power approach by autocratizing foreign countries to produce dictator clients abroad. Yet there are a significant number of cases of no regime change (before and after the USMO), indicating strong preferences in some cases for stability as a more important output than democratization.

Keywords: United States Military Operations (USMOs), Democracy, Impact.



• "DISCIPLINE AND CONFINEMENT: CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN COLONIAL SIERRA LEONE: 1900-1930"
  Author(s): Ibrahim Kargbo
  

"DISCIPLINE AND CONFINEMENT: CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN COLONIAL SIERRA LEONE: 1900-1930"

Author(s): Ibrahim Kargbo

The colonial criminal justice system in Sierra Leone was primarily set up as a social control mechanism and a reflection of the coercive power of the colonial government to prevent crime and punish those who deviated from what the colonial officials deemed to be appropriate and acceptable. Thus, the colonial criminal justice system in Sierra Leone was essentially an instrument of political and social control designed to maintain law and order and punish law violators. Criminal acts were viewed as wrongs against the colonial state. Therefore, the introduction of colonial legal systems in Sierra Leone was accompanied not only by a redefinition and reclassification of crimes but also by changes in the social perception of crime and punishment. Moreover, the procedure of arresting, processing, adjudicating, and punishment of the offender was also changed1. This paper examines the nature of crime and punishment in colonial Sierra Leone highlighting the various ordinances enacted to prevent crime, statistics of those incarcerated, types of crimes committed, juvenile crimes, and the rate of repeat offenders. Moreover, this paper will attempt to discuss and shed invaluable insights on:
- prohibitive colonial ordinances which were enacted to prevent crimes.
- the formal enactment of such ordinances into the criminal law of colonial Sierra Leone.
- the dimensions and legal definitions of crime and punishment.
- the perceptions of crime to both victims and society as a whole.
- the significance of convictions.

Keywords: Fangay, Bonthe, Kwalu, Sherbro, Palm Wine.



• ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND AMERICAN POLICING
  Author(s): Sloan T. Letman, Alison Duggins, Shirley Chuo and Jack Aschkenazi
  

ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND AMERICAN POLICING

Author(s): Sloan T. Letman, Alison Duggins, Shirley Chuo and Jack Aschkenazi

This paper evaluates the need for an organizational psychologist for police departments. The evaluation examines the need to hire a full time psychologist or just contract an organizational psychologist on need basis. The paper analyzes the need for the police psychologist to be not only just a counselor but to be an active partner in all aspects of the law enforcement establishment.

Keywords: Criminal Justice, Police Sciences, Organizational Psychology, Counseling, Psychological Services.



• REVIEW OF THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF THE NATIONAL BIOENERGY POLICY
  Author(s): Naveen C. Adusumilli, Ronald D. Lacewell, C. Robert Taylor and M. Edward Rister
  

REVIEW OF THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF THE NATIONAL BIOENERGY POLICY

Author(s): Naveen C. Adusumilli, Ronald D. Lacewell, C. Robert Taylor and M. Edward Rister

Recent extended periods of high fuel prices and controversy over oil imports from unstable and unfriendly nations to the United States have propelled lawmakers to pursue a major national initiative that promotes the production of domestic energy through renewable sources. This initiative primarily focuses on the production of ethanol and biodiesel, with recent research extending to include cellulosic fuels. These biofuels are considered complementary with food production by many; however large-scale production often interferes with the traditional food, fiber and U.S. natural resource system. While the U.S. biofuel industry is growing rapidly, it has failed to address the interaction and synergism among food, fiber, and resource sectors. This research is an overview of selected issues and implications of the U.S. bioenergy policy that is designed to result in the production of 36 billion gallons of biofuels by 2022. The present legislated policies have economic, energy, and environmental consequences, including impacts to food and crop prices, cropland requirements, irrigation water demand, and total fertilizer use. For example, there are studies that indicate that biofuels policy encourages a potential increase in primary plant nutrients consumption and their price levels, substantial increase in water use both for production of feedstock and conversion into fuel, and expanded cultivation on highly sensitive lands to supplement increased acreage requirements. These studies propose that policies have to extend beyond quotas and volumetric mandates in ways that protect sensitive resources. In addition, some of the projected aggregate economic consequences and unintended outcomes of these renewable energy policies are addressed, including implications for food, fiber, and forestry production and resulting pries.

Keywords: Biofuels, Renewable, BioEnergy Policy, Sustainable.



• AN EXAMINATION OF KEY FACTORS TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN SKILLED AND PROFESSIONAL MIGRANTS: THE CASE OF AUSTRALIAN REGIONAL AND VERY REMOTE AREAS
  Author(s): Mario Ferrer, Anita Medhekar, Luis Arroyo, Michael Muchiri and Ricardo Santa
  

AN EXAMINATION OF KEY FACTORS TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN SKILLED AND PROFESSIONAL MIGRANTS: THE CASE OF AUSTRALIAN REGIONAL AND VERY REMOTE AREAS

Author(s): Mario Ferrer, Anita Medhekar, Luis Arroyo, Michael Muchiri and Ricardo Santa

Attracting and retaining skilled and professional staff is a global issue requiring urgent attention (Haslam McKenzie 2008). Consequently, the attraction and retention of professionals to regional and remote areas has received considerable attention from the Australian, State and Territory governments (DOTARS 2006; LGAQ 2008; Miles, Marshall, Rolfe & Noonan 2004; SCORD 2004; Wulff & Dharmalingam 2008). Several studies further recognise that a combination of evolving global and national trends have increased skilled labour shortages (Holland, Sheehan & De Cieri 2007), net migration from regional and remote areas to metropolitan areas (Miles, Marshall, Rolfe & Noonan 2004) and the inability for regional areas to retain skilled and professional migrants (Hugo 2004; JSCM 2001; Wulff & Dharmalingam 2008). In the case of attracting and retaining skilled and professional migrants in regional areas, some studies now concede the importance of examining family and individual wellbeing factors for migrants (Haslam McKenzie 2008; Wulff & Dharmalingam 2008). Our study extends several recent studies (LGAQ 2008; Miles, Marshall, Rolfe & Noonan 2004; Wulff & Dharmalingam 2008) and will further examine some implications of skilled migration for Queensland's rural and regional areas, the community relations environment in rural and regional Queensland and the wellbeing of newly arrived skilled migrants and their families. Unique to our study is the specific focus on the wellbeing factors of skilled immigrants and their families. The multi-staged research will focus on exploring and examining the existing migrant settlement programs that enhance community health, happiness and wellbeing in the Australian Central Queensland region.

Keywords: Skills Shortage, Skills Attraction, Skills Retention, Public Private Partnership, Skilled Migrants Settlement.



• THE RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION DECISION IN CHINA: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
  Author(s): Ya You
  

THE RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION DECISION IN CHINA: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

Author(s): Ya You

This paper explores the determinants of rural to urban migration decision in China. I use Logit models to examine the effect of variant different factors on both individual migration choice and household migration choice. The empirical analysis is based on the data of Chinese Household Income Project (1995). I find that males are more likely to migrate. Age has an inverted-U shaped effect on migration. Marriage has negative significant effect on migration. The rural individuals with professional school and middle professional school educational levels are less likely to migrate. Household head in the family is more likely to migrate. Membership of Communist Party or national ethnic minority has negative effect on migration decision. Individuals with non-farm working experiences are more likely to migrate. In addition, the probability of migration declines as farm income increases. The access to telephone service in the village has significant negative effect on migration. To my surprise, the larger the household size, the less likely to migrate. Finally, some policy implications are derived such as rural urbanization strategy, social facility provision in the rural areas and clear definition of land property rights.

Keywords: Migration Decision, Rural, Urban, Individual Characteristics, Household Characteristics, Human Capital Investment.



• PERSPECTIVES, PRACTICES, AND IMPLICATIONS OF LANGUAGE-IN-EDUCATION POLICIES IN AFRICA
  Author(s): Agnes W. Gathumbi and Connie Ssebbunga-Masembe
  

PERSPECTIVES, PRACTICES, AND IMPLICATIONS OF LANGUAGE-IN-EDUCATION POLICIES IN AFRICA

Author(s): Agnes W. Gathumbi and Connie Ssebbunga-Masembe

This position paper attempts to provide highlights of the salient aspects of a number of Language-in-Education Policies (LIEPs), with specific reference to African educational systems. The exposition provides an overview of historical, recent, and current developments. A LIEP is indispensable to the development of a nation, given that a comprehensive and coherent language policy enables decision makers to decide on choices about language issues in a rational and balanced way. It is argued that LIEPs should be a critical concern that deserves urgent attention in view of the Dakar World Education Conference (UNESCO: 26-28 April, 2000; EFA, 1990), and the attainment of universal access to quality basic education that can produce citizens who are humane, committed, participative, and productive with a profound sense of patriotism and nationalism: citizens with the right educational and life skills, attitudes, and values. It is contended that a systematically-devised LIEP is central to overcoming marginalization and exclusion. Education might have its relevance enhanced, only if it is lopsided towards appropriate media of instruction. Basing on approaches to language planning and policy making, issues discussed arise from questions common in bilingual and/or multilingual contexts: (a) Does the general agreement, that cognitive development is a function of the language in which the learner has proficiency hold? (b) How can different ethnic groupings be fairly represented in LIEP? (c) What is the potential impact of the early use of second language (L2) as the language of instruction (LOI)? (e) Why are language-in-education policies (LIEP) sometimes not followed in actual practice? (f) How important can the ethnic languages be in LIEP? (g) Which factors influence the choice of one LIEP over another? (h) Does language play a role in educational underdevelopment? (i)Is there empirical evidence to suggest that use of a certain language policy does not adequately facilitate the teaching-learning process because learners are incapacitated? (j) Why should the LIEP be firmly integrated and in synchrony with the national educational goals? (k) Which is the most suitable LIEP for the eradication of illiteracy? (l) What are the basic elements in the process of language planning and policy-making? This paper attempts to answer these questions in relation to LIEPs in Africa.

Key Terms:
Informative Function: This is the function of language by which a language plays the role of giving and/or receiving information.
Multilingualism: While bilingualism refers to proficiency in two languages, this refers to proficiency in more than two languages.
National Language Policy: The set of nationally agreed principles which enables decision makers to make choices about language issues in a rational, comprehensive and balanced way, to suit everybody’s interests in the nation.
Symbolic Function: This is the function of language that refers to its role in identifying people to belong to some political identity.
Trilingual: This refers to the ability to communicate in three languages as is the case with most educated people in Kenya and Tanzania. They can speak mother tongue, Kiswahili, and English proficiently.